vibronics
Vibronics refers to the combined electronic and vibrational excitations that occur in molecules, solids, and biological systems. The term combines “vibrational” and “electronic” to describe states that cannot be described solely by electronic energy levels or by vibrational modes alone. In a vibronic state the electronic and nuclear motions are coupled, leading to a set of mixed energy levels that are observed in spectroscopic measurements such as absorption, emission, and resonance Raman spectra.
The concept originates from early quantum‑chemical treatments of molecular spectra, where Franck–Condon factors were used to
Experimental observation of vibronic features is typically achieved through high‑resolution spectroscopies. Ultrafast pump–probe techniques can capture
Despite being a well‑established concept, vibronics continues to be an active field of research. Advances in