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The hydrogen ion, commonly denoted H+, is the positively charged species formed when a hydrogen atom loses its electron. In many environments, especially aqueous solutions, a bare proton does not exist freely; it is rapidly solvated by surrounding molecules, most prominently forming hydronium ions (H3O+) in water. Beyond H3O+, a family of hydrated proton forms are proposed, including structures such as Zundel (H5O2+) and Eigen (H9O4+), which describe how protons are stabilized by networks of hydrogen-bonded molecules.
In chemistry, the hydrogen ion is the central actor in acid–base reactions. Acids donate protons to bases,
The hydrogen ion is remarkably mobile in solution. In water, proton transport occurs far more rapidly than
Outside water, the behavior of protons depends on the solvent and environment. In non-aqueous solvents and superacids,