vernice

Vernice is the Italian term for varnish, a clear or lightly tinted protective coating applied to surfaces to preserve wood and enhance appearance. Unlike paint, varnish forms a transparent film that allows the underlying grain to show through.

Modern vernices are based on resins dissolved in a solvent or dispersed in water. Main families include oil-based varnishes (alkyd or tung oil–resin blends), polyurethane varnishes, and water-based varnishes (acrylic or waterborne polyurethane). Sheen levels range from matte to gloss. Some products are tinted or ambering to alter color.

Varnish typically consists of a resin binder, a volatile vehicle, and additives such as drying agents, UV stabilizers, defoamers, and flattening agents.

Applications include wood furniture, floors, musical instruments, frames, and art conservation. They are applied in thin coats by brush, roller, or spray. After application, solvents or water evaporate and a hard film forms. Recoating times depend on product; typically 4–24 hours. Multiple thin coats produce a smoother, more durable finish.

Properties of varnish include moisture resistance, abrasion resistance, and sometimes UV protection, depending on formulation. Oil-based vernices tend to amber with age; water-based vernishes stay clear and dry faster.

History and context: varnish formulations evolved from natural resins such as damar and shellac with drying oils; synthetic resins replaced many traditional varnishes in the 20th century, offering greater durability and faster curing.

Safety and environment: vernices contain volatile organic compounds and are flammable; use with good ventilation and away from heat sources; dispose of rags and containers according to local regulations.