vectoredthrust

Vectored thrust, also called thrust vectoring, is a propulsion control technique whereby an engine's thrust is deflected to influence an aircraft's attitude and maneuverability beyond what conventional aerodynamic control surfaces alone can achieve.

Implementation methods include: gimbaled engines, which mount the engine on a swivel to redirect thrust in pitch and/or yaw; thrust-vectoring nozzles, which deflect the exhaust without moving the engine; and tilting rotors or propulsion units in VTOL and convertiplane configurations. In rocketry, engines may be gimbaled to steer the vehicle during ascent.

Benefits include improved maneuverability at high angles of attack, enhanced control at very low speeds, and the ability to hover or perform short takeoffs and landings in VTOL designs. It can reduce the size or complexity of fixed control surfaces, but it adds mechanical weight and control-system load, as well as potential efficiency and reliability trade-offs.

Notable examples and applications include experimental programs such as the X-31 and production fighters like the F-22 Raptor, which employs two-dimensional thrust-vectoring nozzles. Thrust vectoring is also used in some launch vehicles and high-performance rotorcraft, reflecting its role in both aviation and spaceflight research.