vízimolekulák

Vízimolekulák, or water molecules, are the fundamental units that make up water. Each water molecule has a chemical formula of H2O, indicating that it consists of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. This arrangement gives the water molecule a bent shape, with the hydrogen atoms positioned at an angle of approximately 104.5 degrees relative to the oxygen atom.

The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms results in a polar molecule. The oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge, while the hydrogen atoms carry partial positive charges. This polarity is crucial for many of water's unique properties.

Due to their polarity, water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with each other. A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between the partially positive hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the partially negative oxygen atom of another. These hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's high boiling point, surface tension, and its ability to act as a universal solvent, dissolving a wide range of substances.

The cohesive and adhesive properties of water, also stemming from hydrogen bonding, are vital for life. Cohesion allows water to form droplets and move upward in plants, while adhesion enables water to stick to other surfaces. The phase changes of water—solid (ice), liquid, and gas (steam)—are also governed by the strength and breaking of these hydrogen bonds, influencing Earth's climate and ecosystems.