vákum

Vákum is a term used in physics and engineering to describe a region of space in which the pressure is significantly lower than that of the surrounding atmosphere. Ideally, a perfect vacuum would contain no particles whatsoever, but in practice, this is unattainable. Instead, vacuums are characterized by the degree of emptiness achieved, often measured in units of pressure such as Pascals (Pa), torr, or millimeters of mercury (mmHg).

There are several classifications of vacuum based on their pressure levels. Rough vacuum, for example, is the easiest to achieve and is suitable for applications like vacuum packaging. Higher levels, such as high vacuum and ultra-high vacuum, require more sophisticated equipment and are used in scientific research, semiconductor manufacturing, and space simulation.

The creation of a vacuum typically involves pumps that remove gas molecules from a chamber. Different types of pumps exist, each suited for specific pressure ranges and applications. Maintaining a vacuum requires careful sealing of the chamber to prevent leaks from the atmosphere.

Vacuums have numerous practical applications. They are essential for processes like evaporation, distillation, and drying, where the absence of air facilitates these operations. In scientific instruments, such as particle accelerators and mass spectrometers, vacuums are crucial for allowing particles to travel unimpeded. The space between the panes of double-glazed windows is often a partial vacuum to improve thermal insulation.