utrzymujcy

Utrzymujacy (utrzymujący in Polish with diacritics) is a present participle formed from the verb utrzymywać, meaning to maintain, keep, or support. In non-diacritic texts it is written as utrzymujacy. The form functions as an adjective or a participial attribute describing someone or something that performs the act of maintaining or keeping another state.

Grammar and scope: as a participle, utrzymujacy agrees with gender, number, and case of the noun it modifies. In masculine singular it appears as utrzymujacy, in feminine singular as utrzymujaca, in neuter singular as utrzymujace, and there are corresponding plural forms. It can introduce relative-like phrases equivalent to “the one who maintains” or “the maintaining [something]” in a broader sense.

Usage in Polish: utrzymujacy is commonly used to describe people, objects, or systems involved in maintenance or preservation. Examples include a person who supports a family (czlowiek utrzymujacy rodzinę), a device that keeps a stable temperature (system utrzymujacy stała temperature), or a state of order that is being kept (porzadek utrzymujacy). It is distinct from the passive participle utrzymany, which means “kept” or “maintained” by someone else, and from reflexive constructions such as utrzymujacy sie, which convey a different nuance.

Origins and style: the form derives from utrzymywać, a common Polish verb. Present participles like utrzymujacy are more typical in written Polish, technical language, and descriptive phrasing, where an ongoing action by the subject is highlighted.

See also: Polish present participles, verb utrzymywać, participial adjectives.