turbinë

Turbinë (turbine) is a machine that converts energy carried by a moving fluid into usable work, typically by turning a shaft connected to a generator, pump, or other device. Turbines extract energy from steam, gas, water, or air and are central to modern power generation and propulsion.

Steam turbines use high-pressure steam to drive a rotor with blades, producing rotational energy for electricity generation in most thermal plants and in some nuclear plants. They are usually arranged in multiple stages to improve efficiency.

Gas turbines burn fuel to raise the temperature and velocity of working gases, turning a turbine at high speed. They power jet engines and provide efficient electric generation, especially in combined-cycle plants.

Water turbines harness the energy of flowing water. Key types—Francis, Kaplan, and Pelton—are chosen according to head and flow. They are the workhorse of hydroelectric dams and run-of-river plants.

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electricity through large rotating blades connected to a generator. The power captured is limited by aerodynamic theory (the Betz limit, about 59.3%). Modern designs use variable speed, lightweight composites, and advanced control systems to maximize output and reliability.

History: ancient concepts and devices foreshadowed turbomachinery. The modern steam turbine was developed in the late 19th century by Sir Charles Parsons, with Turbinia and early power plants. The gas turbine was advanced in the 1930s by Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain. Early wind turbines appeared in the late 19th century, with rapid growth in the late 20th century.