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Translation is the process of converting text or speech from one language to another while preserving the original meaning. It is a fundamental aspect of communication, enabling people to understand and interact with content that is written or spoken in different languages. Translation can be done manually by human translators or automatically by machine translation software.

Manual translation involves a translator who reads the source text and produces a target text in the desired language. This process requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as cultural and contextual knowledge. Manual translation can be further categorized into literal translation, which aims to convey the exact meaning of the source text, and free translation, which focuses on conveying the intended meaning of the source text in a natural and idiomatic way.

Machine translation, on the other hand, uses algorithms and computational techniques to translate text automatically. It has seen significant advancements in recent years, thanks to the development of neural machine translation models. However, machine translation still faces challenges in accurately conveying nuances, idioms, and cultural references.

Translation plays a crucial role in various fields, including international business, diplomacy, literature, and education. It facilitates cross-cultural exchange, promotes understanding, and enables access to information in different languages. However, it also presents challenges such as maintaining accuracy, preserving cultural nuances, and dealing with ambiguous or idiomatic expressions.