totalitarismen

Totalitarismen (totalitarianism) is a form of government in which the state seeks to regulate nearly every aspect of public and private life. It combines an official ideology, a single mass party, and a centralized leadership with a coercive apparatus designed to sustain the regime. In a totalitarian system, political opposition is marginalized, and individual autonomy is subordinated to state goals.

Core features include: a dominant party that structures political life and suppresses opposition; an official guiding ideology that legitimates the regime; a pervasive security apparatus, including secret police and executions of dissent; state control or direction of media, education, culture, and often the economy; mass mobilization through state-organized associations; and suppression of civil society and independent rights.

Historical context and examples: The term is associated with regimes such as Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and the Soviet Union under Stalin, as well as Maoist China and North Korea. Some scholars classify regimes with extensive coercion and propaganda but limited formal ideology as authoritarian rather than totalitarian, highlighting differences in scope and mobilization.

Usage and debates: The concept originated in the 20th century and remains a subject of scholarly debate. Analysts assess totalitarian potential by considering ideology, coercion, propaganda, and the degree of control over institutions and private life. Critics caution against applying a single model too broadly across different countries and periods.