toksiinin

Toksiinin is a broad term for a poisonous substance produced by living organisms or synthetic sources that disrupt biological processes in other organisms. It encompasses natural toxins produced by bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals, as well as synthetic toxins used in industry or research. The study of toxins falls under toxicology or toxinology.

Sources and examples include endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides that are part of the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, and exotoxins that are secreted as proteins by bacteria such as Clostridium botulinum and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Plant and fungal toxins include amatoxins found in certain mushrooms and various alkaloids; animal venoms contain a range of toxigenic proteins; marine toxins such as tetrodotoxin are produced by some marine organisms. Industrial and research toxins are also studied or used under controlled conditions.

Mechanisms of action vary widely. Toxins can disrupt cellular membranes, inhibit protein synthesis, interfere with nerve signaling, or trigger uncontrolled cell death. The resulting effects range from localized tissue damage to systemic organ failure, depending on the toxin, dose, exposure route, and the organism affected.

Exposure and response depend on the context. Humans may encounter toksiinin through ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, or injection. Diagnosis relies on clinical signs supported by laboratory tests. Treatment is typically supportive and may include specific antidotes or antitoxins when available. Prevention focuses on minimizing exposure, safe handling, and appropriate public health measures.

Etymology traces toksiinin to historical and linguistic roots describing poisonous substances. See also toxicology, toxins, and antitoxins.