toistanut

Toistanut is the past participle form of the Finnish verb toistaa, meaning to repeat or reiterate. In Finnish grammar it marks a completed repetition of an action and is used in conjunction with the auxiliary olla (to have) to form perfect tenses, such as olen toistanut or hän on toistanut.

Morphology and formation: The word is built from the verb stem toista- with the past participle suffix -nut, producing toistanut. It follows Finnish participle patterns and agrees with tense rather than with gender or number. As a participle, it can function adjectivally or predicatively and may modify a noun or appear in verb phrases with the auxiliary olla to express completed action.

Usage and nuance: Toistanut signals that the speaker is referring to a repetition that has already occurred. It is common in both spoken and written Finnish within compound tense constructions (for example, Olen toistanut ohjeet = I have repeated the instructions). It can also act as an adjective describing something that has been repeated, such as toistanut virheitä (repeated mistakes). The participle does not itself convey person; person is indicated by the auxiliary verb in the surrounding clause.

Examples:

- Olen toistanut ohjeet. (I have repeated the instructions.)

- Hän on toistanut varoituksen. (He has repeated the warning.)

- Toistanut kokemuksiaan, hän kertoo uudelleen. (Repeating his experiences, he recounts them again.)

See also: toistaa, toisto, toistaminen.