tilstandsspecifikhed

Tilstandsspecifikhed, often translated as state-dependency or state-specificity, refers to the principle that memory retrieval is more effective when the internal state of the learner during retrieval matches the internal state during learning. This internal state can encompass a wide range of factors, including mood, physiological arousal, and even the presence of certain substances.

The concept was first extensively explored in the context of mood-dependent memory. Research demonstrated that individuals tend to recall information better if their mood at the time of retrieval is similar to their mood when the information was encoded. For example, a person who learned a list of words while feeling happy might recall more words when they are happy again, compared to when they are sad.

Similarly, state-dependent learning extends to physiological states. If learning occurs under the influence of a particular drug, recall is often improved when the same drug is present during retrieval. This effect has been observed with various substances, though it is important to note that the presence of the substance can also impact overall cognitive function.

The underlying mechanism is believed to involve the establishment of retrieval cues. The internal state during learning acts as a contextual cue that becomes associated with the learned information. When this state is reinstated during retrieval, it serves as a prompt, making the information more accessible. This principle has implications for educational practices, therapy, and understanding how our internal environment influences our ability to recall past experiences.