threeaxis

Three-axis, often written as 3-axis, is a term used to describe systems, measurements, or motions that involve three perpendicular directions. In mathematics and physics, a three-axis coordinate system uses three orthogonal axes—x, y, and z—to specify a point in three-dimensional space. The axes are typically right-handed or left-handed, depending on orientation conventions.

In sensing and instrumentation, three-axis devices measure physical quantities along the three spatial directions. A three-axis accelerometer detects acceleration along x, y, and z; a three-axis gyroscope measures angular velocity about each axis. Together, these sensors enable 3D motion tracking, tilt sensing, and stable orientation.

Three-axis stabilization devices, such as gimbals or stabilization platforms, isolates a payload from unwanted motion along pitch, yaw, and roll. This is essential for cameras, sensors, and precision instruments in aviation, mapping, and filmmaking.

In robotics and manufacturing, a three-axis stage provides linear motion along three perpendicular axes for precise positioning, alignment, and manipulation in applications such as microscopy, CNC machining, and automated assembly.

In aviation and other vehicle domains, three-axis control refers to independent control of roll, pitch, and yaw using control surfaces or actuators, enabling complete three-dimensional orientation and maneuvering.

The concept traces to Cartesian coordinates introduced by René Descartes in the 17th century, which established a framework for describing spatial position with three axes.