theoretization

Theoretization is the process of forming, refining, and articulating theories—systematic sets of concepts and propositions designed to explain, predict, or organize knowledge about phenomena. It involves abstraction from specific observations, the construction of general principles, and often the formalization of relationships among variables. Theoretization can produce conceptual frameworks that guide inquiry, suggest hypotheses, and provide criteria for evaluating empirical evidence.

The process appears across disciplines: in natural sciences it yields models and laws; in social sciences it produces explanatory frameworks for social behavior and institutions; in mathematics and logic it leads to formal systems; and in philosophy it underpins conceptual analysis. Common methods used in theoretization include inductive generalization, deductive reasoning, modeling, idealization, and thought experiments. Formal theorization may employ mathematical language, while interpretive theorization emphasizes conceptual coherence and contextual understanding.

Criteria for assessing theories include empirical adequacy, internal coherence, explanatory depth, simplicity, and predictive power. Theoretization faces challenges such as oversimplification, underdetermination by data, biases in concept formation, and difficulties in testing complex or value-laden theories. Debates persist over the role of formalization versus descriptive richness, and between pluralist and unitary approaches to theory-building. Related concepts include theorizing, theory construction, modeling, and formalization.