tetánia

Tetany is a medical condition characterized by involuntary muscle spasms, cramps, and twitching. It is primarily caused by low levels of calcium in the blood, a condition known as hypocalcemia. This deficiency can disrupt the normal functioning of nerves and muscles.

Several factors can lead to hypocalcemia and consequently tetany. These include hypoparathyroidism, a condition where the parathyroid glands produce insufficient parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels. Vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption disorders like celiac disease or Crohn's disease, and chronic kidney disease can also impair calcium absorption or regulation. Certain medications, such as diuretics or anticonvulsants, may also contribute.

Symptoms of tetany can vary in severity. Mild cases may present as tingling or numbness in the fingers, toes, or around the mouth, along with muscle cramps. More severe episodes can involve painful muscle spasms, particularly in the hands and feet (carpopedal spasm), and even laryngospasm, which can affect breathing. In extreme cases, tetany can lead to seizures.

Diagnosis typically involves a medical history, physical examination, and blood tests to measure calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels. Electrodiagnostic tests like electromyography (EMG) may also be used to assess nerve and muscle function.

Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause of hypocalcemia. This often involves calcium and vitamin D supplementation. For more acute or severe symptoms, intravenous calcium administration may be necessary. Long-term management requires treating the specific condition causing the low calcium levels.