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Bodily fluids are liquids produced or excreted by the human body that carry nutrients, waste products, or other substances. They include blood, saliva, tears, sweat, mucus, semen, vaginal secretions, and various excretory fluids such as urine and bile. Each fluid is produced by specialized glands or tissues, and they serve distinct physiological functions. For example, blood transports oxygen and minerals, while sweat and tears help regulate temperature and protect ocular surfaces.

The composition of bodily fluids varies considerably. Blood contains plasma, red and white blood cells, platelets, and dissolved gases. Saliva and tears are rich in electrolytes and enzymes that aid digestion and eye lubrication. Mucus traps pathogens and particles in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Sexual fluids often carry cells and signaling molecules that facilitate reproduction. Excretory fluids such as urine and bile remove metabolic waste and help maintain acid-base balance.

Medical professionals routinely analyze bodily fluids to diagnose and monitor disease. Blood tests reveal glucose levels, cholesterol, and organ function. Urinalysis can indicate kidney health or infections. Saliva testing is increasingly used for hormone levels and drug screening. Proper collection, storage, and handling of these fluids, often under biosafety protocols, are essential to preserve sample integrity and protect laboratory workers.

In research, these fluids are valuable for biomarker discovery, pharmacokinetics, and personalized medicine. Advances in proteomics and metabolomics have uncovered new diagnostic indicators within body fluids. However, ethical and privacy considerations govern the use of personal biological samples. Knowledge of bodily fluids remains fundamental to healthcare, forensic science, and biomedical research.