teshuvah

Teshuvah, literally “return,” is a central concept in Judaism describing the process of turning away from sin and returning to God and ethical living. It encompasses both attitude and action, going beyond mere regret to a renewed commitment to live in accordance with divine law.

Biblical and rabbinic sources frame teshuvah as a possible response to wrongdoing. In Rabbinic law, classical descriptions outline four essential components: remorse for the sin (charatah); cessation of the sinful behavior (aziva); confession before God (vidui); and a firm resolution not to repeat the sin (kavvanah). If the misdeed affected another person, teshuvah also requires seeking forgiveness and restitution from the harmed party when possible.

Practically, individuals perform teshuvah by acknowledging the offense, ceasing the behavior, confessing it in prayer, and making a sincere commitment to change. The process can also include repairing damage caused to others. Although most associated with the period between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, teshuvah is not confined to a particular time and is considered possible at any moment. Jewish tradition often teaches that the gates of repentance are never closed.

On Yom Kippur, teshuvah and atonement are emphasized in the liturgy and ritual, with the day viewed as a culmination of the annual cycle of repentance. The concept remains foundational in Jewish ethics and personal growth, guiding individuals toward moral improvement and accountability.