terpenami

Terpenami, commonly known as terpenes, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic compounds built from isoprene units (C5). They are produced by many plants, as well as by some fungi and bacteria, and are major constituents of essential oils. Terpenes can be hydrocarbons or oxygenated derivatives called terpenoids; together these compounds contribute to aromas, flavors, and a range of bioactive properties.

Classification and biosynthesis: Terpenes are typically grouped by the number of isoprene units they contain. Monoterpenes (two isoprene units, C10), sesquiterpenes (three units, C15), diterpenes (four units, C20), and so on. The universal building blocks, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), are formed through two main pathways—the mevalonate pathway in the cytosol and the MEP (non-mevalonate) pathway in plastids. These units are joined in various combinations to form larger terpenes, while oxygenated derivatives are classified as terpenoids.

Biological roles and uses: In plants, terpenes serve defensive functions against herbivores and pathogens, act as signals to attract pollinators, and participate in intra-plant communication. Humans exploit terpenes for flavors and fragrances; commercially important examples include limonene, pinene, myrcene, linalool, and menthol. Many terpenes also exhibit pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects.

Safety and regulation: Because terpenes are often present in concentrated essential oils, exposure can cause irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals. Proper dilution and adherence to guidelines are advised, particularly in therapeutic or cosmetic contexts. Ongoing research explores terpene biosynthesis, ecological roles, and potential medical applications.