takhallus

Takhallus is a term used in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu poetry referring to a poet’s pen name or nom de plume. The practice involves adopting a distinctive name that the poet uses in their verse, serving as a signature or persona within the work.

In the ghazal, a dominant form in Urdu and Persian poetry, the takhallus is most often found in the maqta, the final couplet of the poem. The poet typically signs the ghazal with their takhallus in the second line of the maqta, thereby identifying the author. The takhallus is usually a single word or short phrase and may reflect the poet’s chosen persona, style, or thematic emphasis. While most commonly associated with the maqta, some poets also use a takhallus in other parts of a ghazal’s composition.

Origin and significance: The practice originated in classical Arabic poetry and was carried into Persian literary culture before becoming a standard convention in Urdu poetry. The takhallus functions as a subtle, personal stamp—an invisible authorial presence that accompanies the work. It is one of the defining features of the ghazal, contributing to the poet’s enduring identity across poems.

Examples and usage: The Urdu ghazal tradition is rich with poets who employed takhallus, with Mirza Ghalib being one of the most renowned for frequent use of his takhallus, “Ghalib,” in the maqta. In broader practice, some modern poets continue to publish under a pen name, maintaining the historical convention even as contemporary forms evolve.

Overall, takhallus remains a recognizable element of classical and modern Persianate poetry, signaling authorship, persona, and poetic continuity.