synoviale

Synoviale (synovial) describes structures derived from or associated with the synovium, the specialized tissue that lines joint capsules and tendon sheaths. The term is used to denote synovial membranes, synovial fluid, and synovial joints, all of which participate in the lubrication and nutrition of joints.

The synovial membrane, also called the synovial lining, consists of a thin intimal layer of synoviocytes and a sublining connective tissue. It secretes synovial fluid into the joint cavity, helping to reduce friction and to supply nutrients to avascular articular cartilage.

Synovial fluid is a viscous, non-Newtonian fluid rich in hyaluronic acid and lubricin. In normal joints it forms a lubricating film between articular surfaces and allows smooth movement, while also removing metabolic waste from cartilage.

Synovial joints, or diarthroses, are characterized by a synovial cavity enclosed by a fibrous capsule, reinforced by ligaments. They typically contain an articular cartilage layer, synovial membranes, synovial fluid, and sometimes menisci or bursae to enhance movement and stability.

Disorders of the synoviale structures include synovitis, rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and inflammatory effusions. Synovial tumors such as synovial sarcoma are rare malignancies arising near joint structures.