synnemata

Synnemata (singular: synneme) are a type of asexual reproductive structure produced by certain fungi, particularly hyphomycetes. They consist of a vertical, stalk-like aggregation of hyphae that supports a concentrated mass of conidiophores and conidia at the upper end. The overall shape is typically erect, cylindrical or club-shaped, protruding above the substrate.

Morphology and development: Synnemata form from a basal tuft of hyphae that elongates into a robust column. Along the surface or at the apex, conidiogenous cells produce conidia in chains or clusters. The conidia are often dry and may be unicellular or have a simple structure; colors range from pale to pigmented. The exterior of a synneme can be smooth or textured, and its size and appearance can vary among taxa and substrates.

Function and ecology: The principal role of synnemata is to enhance dispersal by elevating the conidia above the substrate, increasing exposure to air currents and potential dispersal agents. They are commonly found on decaying plant material, soil, or insect remains and can appear as visible, sometimes fluffy, structures on nutrient-rich surfaces or in culture.

Taxonomic notes: Synnemata are not sexual fruiting bodies; they are part of the asexual life cycle. They are one of several types of conidiomata observed in hyphomycetes, alongside sporodochia, pycnidia, and acervuli. In some fungal groups, such as Stilbella and related genera, synnemata are a distinctive feature helpful for microscopic identification.