supranormal

Supranormal, also spelled supernormal, refers to a phenomenon or stimulus that exceeds the normal or expected intensity, often eliciting an exaggerated response. The term is frequently used in psychology, ethology, and related fields to describe stimuli that are more intense or exaggerated than typical natural stimuli, often producing a stronger or more noticeable reaction.

The concept of supranormal stimuli was first introduced by the Austrian ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen in the 1950s. Tinbergen demonstrated that animals could be more attracted to artificially exaggerated versions of natural cues. For example, he found that birds preferred overly enlarged depictions of their nesting material or chicks’ begging calls that were more intense than those produced by real chicks, leading to stronger parental responses.

In psychology, the term can describe stimuli that provoke responses beyond the normal range, often used in discussions of classical and operant conditioning. Such stimuli can be employed intentionally in therapies or experiments to understand behavioral responses.

Supranormal stimuli have also been applied in advertising and media, where exaggerated images or messages are used to capture attention or evoke stronger emotional reactions. This approach leverages the natural tendency for exaggerated cues to be more salient or influential.

While the concept highlights the potency of exaggerated stimuli, it also raises questions about the potential for manipulation or overstimulation in various contexts. Overall, supranormal stimuli exemplify how exaggerated environmental cues can significantly influence behavior and perception across species and settings.