sulfaten

Sulfaten, known in English as sulfates, are salts of sulfuric acid or organic derivatives that contain the sulfate ion SO4^2−. The sulfate ion has a tetrahedral arrangement with sulfur in the +6 oxidation state. Common examples include sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), and various hydrated minerals. Sulfates are typically ionic compounds formed by pairing the sulfate anion with positively charged cations.

Solubility and structure: many inorganic sulfates are soluble, but several are sparingly soluble, such as barium sulfate (BaSO4), while calcium sulfate (CaSO4) is moderately soluble. The sulfate ion is highly stable and resistant to hydrolysis. Organic sulfates, or sulfate esters (R–OSO3−), are common in chemistry as well.

Occurrence: naturally, sulfates appear as minerals such as gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O), anhydrite (CaSO4), barite (BaSO4), and kieserite (MgSO4·H2O). They form from oxidation of sulfide minerals, evaporation of saline waters, and weathering processes.

Applications: sulfates are produced industrially by neutralizing sulfuric acid with metal oxides or hydroxides. They have wide use in plaster and cement manufacturing (gypsum, CaSO4·2H2O), glass production, detergents, and fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4). Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) and barium sulfate are notable hydrated and insoluble forms; BaSO4 is used as a radiopaque contrast agent.

Environmental and health aspects: sulfates influence water hardness and soil chemistry; high intake of certain soluble sulfates can have laxative effects. Insoluble sulfates like BaSO4 are generally inert in the body and are used safely in imaging procedures; sulfate aerosols are a component of air pollution and can contribute to acid rain formation.