suicideprevention

Suicide prevention refers to a range of actions and programs aimed at reducing suicide attempts and deaths, and at alleviating the distress that can lead to self-harm. It encompasses immediate crisis response as well as long-term efforts to address underlying risk factors such as mental health disorders, substance use, chronic illness, trauma, social isolation, and access to lethal means. Protective factors—strong personal relationships, timely mental health care, coping skills, and supportive communities—are central to prevention.

Risk and protective factors vary across populations. Prior suicide attempts, mood disorders, substance misuse, and experiences of violence or abuse increase risk, while connectedness to family, friends, and community, effective treatment, and coping resources decrease risk. Warning signs can include expressions of hopelessness, withdrawal, drastic mood changes, giving away belongings, or talking about death.

Prevention strategies operate at multiple levels. Universal prevention targets whole populations through public education, responsible media reporting, school-based programs, and policies that reduce access to common means of suicide. Selective prevention focuses on high-risk groups such as adolescents, veterans, Indigenous communities, or those with a history of trauma. Indicated prevention provides targeted support for individuals with identifiable risk factors or early warning signs, including access to clinical care and safety planning.

Evidence-based interventions include crisis hotlines and in-person or telehealth crisis services, prompt emergency assessment when needed, continuity of care after a crisis or hospitalization, means restriction to reduce access to lethal methods, and treatments for underlying conditions (such as psychotherapy and, when appropriate, medication). Community education, culturally sensitive practices, and collaboration across health, social, and educational systems enhance effectiveness.

Access to local resources varies by country; guidelines and support are typically available through national health authorities, mental health services, and crisis hotlines.