suffocating

Suffocation is a state in which the body does not receive enough breathable air. In medical terms, it is a form of asphyxia caused by reduced oxygen intake or impaired removal of carbon dioxide. Causes include external obstruction of the airway, environmental deprivation of oxygen, or both. The outcome ranges from temporary hypoxia with no lasting injury to loss of consciousness and death if oxygen delivery is not restored.

Common mechanisms include choking, smothering, or strangulation that block the airway or compress the chest or neck; confinement in a closed space with limited ventilation; immersion in water (drowning) or exposure to toxic gases such as carbon monoxide. Different causes may involve a combination of airway obstruction and environmental factors.

Early signs are nonspecific: anxiety, restlessness, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, and difficulty speaking. As oxygen deprivation continues, confusion, dizziness, fainting, and bluish skin may appear. Without effective airflow, brain injury and death can occur within minutes.

Emergency treatment focuses on restoring oxygen delivery and removing the obstruction if possible. Call emergency services. If trained, provide appropriate life support measures, such as airway clearance for a conscious person or CPR if breathing stops. Treat the underlying cause once stabilized.

Prevention emphasizes reducing airway hazards and ensuring safe environments: keep small objects and plastics away from children; follow safe sleep guidelines for infants; maintain good ventilation and install working smoke and carbon monoxide detectors; avoid risky practices that could compromise the airway.