sudan

Sudan is a country in northeast Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north; the Red Sea to the northeast; Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east; South Sudan to the south; the Central African Republic and Chad to the southwest; Libya to the northwest. Its capital is Khartoum, a city at the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile.

The official language is Arabic; English is widely used in government, business, and education, with many local languages spoken across different regions.

Geography and climate: The Nile rivers shape much of the landscape, with desert in the north and savanna in the south. The country includes vast desert regions, plateaus, and tropical climate zones. Rainfall is seasonal, most abundant in the south.

History: The region has ancient civilizations, including the Kingdom of Kush. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Sudan was part of Anglo-Egyptian rule and gained independence in 1956. After independence, a civil war with the south led to the secession of South Sudan in 2011.

Conflicts and politics: Since the early 2000s, the Darfur region has experienced armed conflict and humanitarian crises. Following a prolonged period of political transition after 2019, Sudan has faced political upheavals, security challenges, and attempts to establish civilian rule alongside the military.

Economy and society: The economy has relied on agriculture, mining, and formerly oil exports; the loss of oil revenue after 2011 affected growth. The population is diverse, with numerous ethnic groups and languages; Islam is the dominant religion, with communities of Christians and followers of indigenous beliefs in various regions.