subsume

Subsume is a verb that means to include or absorb something within a larger category, framework, or system. It is used to describe a relationship in which a broad concept covers or encompasses more specific instances. In common usage, to subsume an item is to place it under an umbrella category.

The word derives from Latin sub- “under” and sumere “to take up.”

In logic, philosophy, and mathematics, subsumption expresses generalization: a general class subsumes a narrower one, so every member of the subordinate class is also a member of the superordinate class. For example, mammals subsume dogs, meaning all dogs are members of the broader category mammals. In taxonomy, this captures the idea that higher-level categories include lower-level ones.

In law and linguistics, subsumption describes when a rule, category, or description covers a particular case or expression. A specific act may be subsumed under a broader statutory offense, or a linguistic sense may be subsumed within a more general semantic field.

In computer science, subsumption is a technical relation used in reasoning, pattern matching, and type systems. It denotes that one pattern or type generalizes another, allowing a value or term of the subsumed form to be used where the more general form is expected.

Usage notes: subsumption emphasizes inclusion within a framework rather than complete assimilation. It contrasts with absorption, which can imply a more thorough taking in or loss of distinct identity.