subperiostala

Subperiostala, or subperiosteal, refers to structures or processes located beneath the periosteum, the dense connective tissue membrane that covers bone surfaces except at joints. The periosteum consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner cambium layer rich in osteogenic cells. The subperiosteal space is a potential space between the bone and the periosteum and is more prominent in growing bones or where the periosteum is lifted by trauma or infection.

Clinical relevance includes subperiosteal hematomas, which arise when blood collects under the periosteum after blunt trauma. In newborns, a well-known example is cephalohematoma, a subperiosteal hemorrhage of the skull that is limited by the periosteum and typically does not cross suture lines. Subperiosteal hemorrhage can also accompany fractures or severe contusions in other bones. Subperiosteal abscesses may occur in dental or bone infections when pus collects beneath the periosteum, and subperiosteal osteomyelitis can cause localized swelling and pain as the periosteum lifts away from the cortex.

Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and imaging as needed. Radiographs, CT, or MRI can reveal elevation of the periosteum or a subperiosteal collection; ultrasound may be useful for superficial sites. Treatment targets the underlying cause: small hematomas may be managed conservatively, while larger collections or infections may require drainage or antibiotic therapy, and surgical intervention may be necessary for persistent or complicated cases.

Etymology: the term derives from Latin sub- (under) and periosteum.