stökkbreytingu

Stökkbreytingu, often translated as "mutation" in English, refers to a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's genome. These changes can occur spontaneously due to errors during DNA replication or can be induced by external factors called mutagens, such as radiation or certain chemicals.

Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation, which is the raw material for evolution. While many mutations are neutral or even harmful, some can be beneficial, providing an advantage to the organism in its environment. These beneficial mutations can then be passed on to offspring, leading to adaptation over time.

Mutations can occur in different parts of the genome. If they happen in somatic cells (body cells), they are not passed on to the next generation. However, mutations in germ cells (sperm and egg cells) are heritable and can be transmitted to offspring. The impact of a mutation depends on where it occurs in the DNA. Changes in genes that code for proteins can alter protein function, potentially leading to observable traits or diseases. Mutations in non-coding regions can also have effects, influencing gene regulation. The study of mutations is crucial in understanding genetic diseases, evolutionary processes, and the development of new therapies.