stemkarakteristi

Stem characteristics refer to the structural and functional attributes of plant stems, which serve roles in support, transport, storage, and sometimes photosynthesis. They vary widely among species and are shaped by genetics and environment. Key aspects include morphology (height, thickness, branching pattern), growth form (herbaceous versus woody), and the arrangement of tissues that enable movement of water, minerals, and sugars.

Anatomically, a typical stem has epidermis, cortex, vascular tissue, and pith or central parenchyma. In most dicots, vascular bundles form a ring and wood develops through secondary growth driven by the vascular cambium and cork cambium, enlarging the stem in girth. In many monocots, vascular bundles are scattered and true secondary growth is limited. Primary growth at apical meristems extends the stem length, while secondary growth thickens it in many shrubs and trees. The outer layer often includes protective tissues such as the epidermis or bark, which may include stomata for gas exchange.

Stems also exhibit numerous modifications that support particular life strategies. Examples include stolons or runners for horizontal spread, rhizomes for underground propagation, bulbs for nutrient storage, and thorns for defense. Climbing stems use tendrils or specialized attachments, while some stems store water in succulent varieties.

Classifications commonly consider habit ( erect, climbing, creeping ), leaf arrangement ( alternate, opposite, whorled ), and the presence of wood or lack thereof. Stem characteristics influence a plant’s ecological niche, its commercial value (timber, fibres, sugar storage), and its adaptation to environmental conditions.