standardhapnikuteraapia

Standard hapnikuteraapia, or standard oxygen therapy, is a medical treatment that provides supplemental oxygen to patients with low blood oxygen levels or at risk of hypoxemia. The aim is to raise and maintain arterial oxygen saturation and improve tissue oxygen delivery while avoiding oxygen toxicity.

Indications include acute hypoxemia due to respiratory failure, pneumonia, asthma or COPD exacerbations, heart failure, postoperative recovery, trauma, and during or after anesthesia. It is commonly used in emergency, hospital, and home settings under medical supervision.

Oxygen delivery is usually accomplished with simple devices such as a nasal cannula, a simple face mask, or a non-rebreather mask. Typical ranges are: nasal cannula 1–6 liters per minute, delivering roughly 24–44% FiO2; simple face mask around 5–10 L/min for about 40–60% FiO2; non-rebreather masks can provide up to 100% FiO2 at higher flow rates. High-flow nasal oxygen is a related but distinct therapy and is not always classified as standard oxygen therapy.

Targets for oxygenation vary by patient. In most adults, clinicians aim for a peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) in the mid to high 90s (about 92–96%), while in some people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) a lower target (approximately 88–92%) may be chosen to avoid CO2 retention.

Safety and monitoring are essential. Oxygen should be titrated to the lowest FiO2 that achieves the desired SpO2, with ongoing monitoring by pulse oximetry and, if indicated, arterial blood gases. Potential risks include oxygen toxicity and, in susceptible individuals, worsening hypercapnia.