spotykanym

Spotykanym is a grammatical form in Polish, the instrumental singular form of the present passive participle spotykany, which comes from the verb spotykać (to meet or to encounter). The form expresses that something is encountered or observed and is used to describe a masculine singular noun in instrumental case, typically in attributive phrases.

Etymology and meaning: Spotykany derives from the action of meeting or encountering something. The instrumental form spotykanym appears when the modified noun requires instrumental case, often in expressions that denote a characteristic or phenomenon recognized in practice, observation, or study. It is part of standard Polish agreement patterns for participles functioning as adjectives, contrasting with other gendered forms such as spotykany (masculine nominative), spotykana (feminine), and spotykane (neuter or plural forms depending on case).

Usage: The form is common in formal and academic prose, especially in linguistic, scientific, or descriptive writing where a phenomenon or object is described as being encountered in a specific context. It is used chiefly with masculine singular nouns in instrumental construction, for example in phrases like spotykanym problemem (an encountered problem). In broader contexts, the related forms of the participle adapt to the gender, number, and case of the noun they modify.

See also: Polish grammar, participles, adjectives, verbal Adjectival phrases.

Note: Spotykanym is one of several inflected forms of the participle spotykany. Correct usage depends on the gender, number, and grammatical case of the noun that the participle modifies, as well as the syntactic role in the sentence.