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Sperm is the male reproductive cell, also known as a gamete. It is produced in the testes of male animals and is essential for fertilization of the female egg cell. Sperm cells are microscopic, typically consisting of a head, midpiece, and tail. The head contains the genetic material (DNA) in the form of chromosomes, while the midpiece is packed with mitochondria to provide energy for movement. The tail, or flagellum, is a whip-like structure that propels the sperm through the female reproductive tract.

Sperm production, or spermatogenesis, is a continuous process in sexually mature males. It begins at puberty and continues throughout life, though sperm count and quality may decrease with age. The process involves cell division and differentiation, resulting in mature sperm cells.

Sperm are released from the body during ejaculation, typically as part of semen. Semen is a fluid that contains sperm along with secretions from accessory glands, such as the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. These secretions provide nutrients, support sperm motility, and help neutralize the acidity of the female reproductive tract.

The primary function of sperm is to deliver the male genetic contribution to the ovum (egg cell) during fertilization, initiating the development of a new individual. The journey of sperm through the female reproductive system is a complex process involving several barriers that only a fraction of the ejaculated sperm will successfully overcome.