spikenard

Spikenard, or nard, is Nardostachys jatamansi, a perennial herb in the valerian family. It is native to the higher elevations of the Himalayas in Nepal, India, and surrounding regions. The plant forms a thick, aromatic rhizome that is the source of spikenard essential oil, widely used in perfumery and traditional medicine.

Description and habitat: Spikenard grows from a short woody rhizome and produces a slender stem up to 30–60 cm tall with pinnate leaves and terminal clusters of small pale pink to purple flowers. It favors rocky, alpine or subalpine habitats at high elevations, often on shaded slopes and scrub where soils are well-drained.

Uses: The dried rhizome and the essential oil have long been employed in perfumery, incense, and traditional medicine. In ancient religious texts, spikenard is mentioned as an aromatic offering and, in some traditions, as anointing oil. Modern uses center on natural fragrance materials and traditional therapies, though evidence for medicinal efficacy is limited.

Harvest and conservation: The plant is collected from the wild in parts of its range, and overharvesting has led to declines in some populations. Cultivation of Nardostachys jatamansi and sustainable harvesting practices are promoted to reduce pressure on wild stocks. Trade in spikenard oil is regulated in some jurisdictions to support conservation.

Chemistry: The essential oil contains a mix of sesquiterpenes and other aromatic compounds; its composition varies with geography and processing.