speleotémák

Speleothems are mineral deposits formed in caves, primarily through the process of slow precipitation from groundwater. These formations are typically composed of calcium carbonate, but can also include other minerals depending on the cave's geological context. Speleothems are a type of secondary mineral deposit, meaning they form after the primary cave itself has been created through the dissolution of soluble rock, such as limestone.

The most common types of speleothems include stalactites, which hang from the ceiling of a cave, and stalagmites, which rise from the floor. When these two formations meet and grow together, they form a column. Other types of speleothems include flowstones, which are sheet-like deposits that form along walls or floors, and helictites, which are irregularly shaped formations that seem to defy gravity.

Speleothems form when acidic groundwater, which has absorbed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and soil, dissolves limestone. As this water enters a cave, it loses carbon dioxide, becoming less acidic. This causes the calcium carbonate to precipitate out of the solution, depositing onto the cave surfaces. The rate of formation is typically very slow, often measured in millimeters per year, but can vary depending on environmental conditions.

Speleothems are of significant scientific interest. They can provide valuable information about past climates and environments, as their growth and composition are influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity, and the chemistry of the groundwater. Additionally, they can contain trapped pollutants or other substances that provide insights into historical human activities. However, speleothems are also fragile and can be easily damaged, so they require protection and careful study.