solventi

Solventi, the Italian term for solvents, are substances capable of dissolving other substances (solutes) to form homogeneous mixtures known as solutions. They are typically liquids at room temperature, though solids and gases can also function as solvents in specific contexts.

Solventi are classified by polarity and hydrogen-bonding ability: polar protic (for example water and alcohols), polar aprotic (such as dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, and acetone), and nonpolar (like hexane and toluene). They can be further described by properties such as dielectric constant and their ability to dissolve solutes of different polarities.

Important properties of solventi include solubility parameter, polarity, dielectric constant, boiling point, viscosity, and toxicity. A solvent is chosen based on the solubility of the solute, compatibility with materials, safety, environmental impact, cost, and ease of removal after a reaction or extraction.

Common uses of solventi include chemical synthesis, extraction of compounds, purification, chromatography, formulation in pharmaceuticals, applications in paints and coatings, and cleaning or degreasing operations. They enable reactions, facilitate separation processes, and help control the physical properties of mixtures.

Safety and environmental aspects are essential considerations with solventi. Many are flammable and volatile organic compounds. Exposure can affect health, so adequate ventilation, protective equipment, and proper storage are important. Disposal requires compliance with hazardous waste regulations; some solvents are subject to restrictions due to environmental concerns such as ozone depletion and groundwater contamination.

In recent years, interest has grown in green solvents and alternatives, including water-based systems, supercritical carbon dioxide, bio-based solvents, and solvent-free processes to reduce environmental impact and improve sustainability.