solubilizes

Solubilizes is the verb form describing the process of making a solute soluble in a solvent, or increasing the solubility of a substance that is only sparingly soluble. Solubilization can involve physical, chemical, or complexation strategies that enhance the apparent solubility or stability of the solute in the chosen solvent system.

Common mechanisms include the use of surfactants to form micelles, where the hydrophobic solute partitions into the micellar core, increasing apparent solubility in water. Co-solvents or mixed solvent systems (such as ethanol, propylene glycol, or acetone with water) alter solvent polarity and reduce lattice energy, promoting dissolution. Complexation with host molecules like cyclodextrins or other inclusion compounds can encapsulate hydrophobic guests, improving solubility and sometimes stability. Other approaches include solid dispersions, liposomes, emulsions, or temporary solvation in auxiliary solvents.

Solubilization is influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, ionic strength, and the chemical nature of the solute and solvent. Solubility measurements often involve solubility curves, phase-solubility diagrams, and determination of critical micelle concentration for surfactants.

Applications span pharmaceuticals, where many drugs are poorly soluble and require solubilization for proper bioavailability; cosmetics and foods, where solubilized actives improve texture and performance; and environmental science, where solubilization aids in the remediation or transport of hydrophobic compounds.

Related concepts include general solubility, micellization, complexation, and solvent choice.