solarpower

Solar power is energy harnessed from the sun to generate electricity or heat. It uses two main technologies: photovoltaic PV systems that convert light directly into electricity, and concentrated solar power CSP systems that produce heat to drive a turbine for electricity generation. Some solar systems also provide thermal energy for industrial processes or space heating.

Photovoltaic systems consist of semiconductor cells arranged into modules, which are connected in arrays. Inverters convert the captured direct current to alternating current suitable for the grid or for on-site use. PV installations range from rooftop panels on homes and businesses to large ground-mounted systems, and they can operate on or off the electrical grid. Grid-tied systems typically feed surplus electricity back to the grid through net metering or power purchase agreements, while off-grid setups rely on local storage.

Concentrated solar power uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver, generating heat that drives a conventional turbine. CSP plants often include thermal energy storage, enabling electricity generation after sunset and improving reliability for utility-scale applications.

Deployment and economics: Solar capacity has expanded rapidly worldwide as manufacturing costs have fallen and efficiency has improved. The levelized cost of electricity from solar technologies has become competitive with or cheaper than many conventional sources in suitable locations, although outcomes depend on resource quality, technology choice, financing, and policy frameworks.

Environmental and social considerations: Solar power produces minimal emissions during operation but entails lifecycle impacts from manufacturing, installation, and end-of-life management. Land use, water consumption (varying by technology), and material recycling are important considerations in planning and policy.

Grid integration and policy: Solar electricity is variable and geographically diverse, requiring storage, flexible generation, grid upgrades, and transmission planning. Supportive policies, incentives, and market design influence adoption and integration.