smokerelated

Smokerelated is a term used to describe diseases, conditions, and health outcomes that arise from tobacco smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke. It covers both active smoking and involuntary exposure, such as secondhand smoke, and it also encompasses nicotine dependence that sustains cigarette use.

Health effects include elevated risk of cancers (lung, throat, mouth, esophagus, pancreas, bladder), cardiovascular diseases (heart attack, stroke), and respiratory conditions (COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema). Secondhand smoke exposure increases risk for these outcomes in non-smokers, including children and pregnant people, and is a recognized public health concern.

Risk is dose-dependent: longer duration, greater intensity, and starting at a younger age increase risk. Quitting smoking reduces risk over time, with significant declines in cardiovascular risk within years and cancer risk that gradually decreases but may not return to baseline for many cancer types.

Mechanisms involve inhalation of toxicants such as tar, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide, leading to DNA damage, inflammation, and impaired tissue repair. These processes contribute to the development and progression of smoking-related diseases.

Prevention and cessation: public health measures (taxation, advertising restrictions, smoke-free laws) reduce initiation and exposure. Cessation support (behavioral counseling, nicotine replacement therapy, and medications such as varenicline or bupropion) improves quit rates and long-term health outcomes.

Notes: The term "smokerelated" is not widely used in formal medical literature; sources typically use "smoking-related" or "smoke-related" to describe these conditions.