singlePPAR

PPAR is a name that can refer to a specific gene or a family of receptors. The Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors. These receptors play a crucial role in regulating gene expression that impacts a wide range of physiological processes, including metabolism, inflammation, and cell differentiation. There are three main subtypes of PPARs: PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and PPAR-delta (also known as PPAR-beta).

When a PPAR binds to a ligand, it forms a heterodimer with another nuclear receptor called the retinoid X receptor (RXR). This complex then binds to specific DNA sequences known as PPAR response elements (PPREs) in the promoter regions of target genes. This binding event can either activate or repress the transcription of these genes, thereby influencing cellular functions.

PPAR-alpha is primarily involved in lipid metabolism, particularly in the liver, and is activated by fatty acids and fibrate drugs. It promotes fatty acid oxidation and reduces triglyceride levels. PPAR-gamma is mainly found in adipose tissue and is crucial for adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity. Thiazolidinediones, a class of antidiabetic drugs, are potent activators of PPAR-gamma. PPAR-delta is widely expressed and involved in energy expenditure, fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle, and wound healing.

Dysregulation of PPAR signaling has been implicated in various metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Consequently, PPARs are important therapeutic targets for these conditions. Research continues to explore the complex roles of PPARs and their potential in treating a broader spectrum of diseases.