silcretes

Silcretes are silica-cemented duricrusts that form in the regolith when groundwater transports dissolved silica to near-surface zones and deposits it as microcrystalline quartz, chalcedony, or opal, cementing grains of sand or silt into a hard, resistant layer. They are also referred to as silcretes or silcrete beds.

Formation and settings: Silcrete formation is favored by climates with strong chemical weathering and pronounced leaching, typically in tropical to arid settings. Silica is sourced from the weathering of silicate minerals and transported by groundwater. When conditions change—such as lowering the water table, evaporation, or pH shifts—silica precipitates and cements the sediment, creating a crust that may occur as sheets, lenses, nodules, or pavement-like surfaces in the regolith. Silcretes often overlie laterites or other duricrusts.

Composition and textures: The cement is primarily silica in microcrystalline forms (opal, chalcedony, or microcrystalline quartz). The silcrete may be colored by iron oxides and may contain accessory minerals or clays.

Occurrence and significance: Silcretes are widely reported in continental crust in tropical and subtropical regions, with notable occurrences in Africa and Australia. They have been used as a source of toolstone in archaeology; silcrete’s chert-like properties make it a preferred material for knapping and blade production.

Relation to paleoclimate: The presence and characteristics of silcretes can reflect past groundwater regimes and climatic conditions, providing insights into the regolith's diagenetic history.