showerhead

A showerhead is a plumbing fixture that attaches to a shower arm and disperses water into a spray. It typically consists of a housing, a spray disk or multiple nozzles, and sometimes a diverter or flow control; water is delivered through a supply line under pressure.

There are several types: fixed wall- or ceiling-mounted showerheads; handheld units on a flexible hose; rain showerheads that are large and provide a broad, soft spray; and massage or multi-function heads offering different spray patterns. Many models allow adjustable spray patterns and tilt to direct the water flow.

Materials and efficiency: common materials include plastic with chrome plating, stainless steel, or brass; nozzles may be silicone for easier cleaning. Most modern units have flow restrictors to meet efficiency standards: in the United States, many models are rated up to 2.0 GPM, while low-flow heads commonly range from 1.5 to 1.8 GPM; in other regions different standards apply. Some heads are WaterSense certified, indicating efficiency and performance criteria.

Installation and maintenance: installation requires threading to a 1/2 inch NPT shower arm; use plumber's tape and proper seals to prevent leaks. Maintain by cleaning mineral deposits and replacing worn gaskets or washers as needed. Periodically soak heads in vinegar or commercial descalers to remove limescale; replace damaged nozzles or seals to maintain spray quality and prevent leaks.