sertifikati

Sertifikati are official documents that certify a fact, status, or achievement. They can attest to completed education, demonstrated professional competence, identity, ownership, or other rights, and may be issued in paper or digital form. Sertifikati serve as evidence that a stated condition or credential has been met and are often required for employment, enrollment, licensing, or access to services.

Common types include educational certificates (such as diplomas, degrees, certificates of completion, and academic transcripts); professional certificates and licenses that authorize practice in a field; civil or official certificates (such as birth, marriage, citizenship, or property certificates); and digital certificates used in computer networks and online services, including SSL/TLS, code signing, and digital identities.

Issuance usually involves an authorized issuer and a verification process. Educational certificates are issued by schools or universities after program completion. Professional certificates are issued by professional bodies or employers upon meeting criteria. Civil certificates are issued by government agencies. Digital certificates are issued by certificate authorities within public key infrastructure (PKI) and require verification of the holder’s identity and credentials.

Verification and validity practices vary. Most certificates carry an issue date and sometimes an expiry date or renewal requirement. They may have a unique serial number and be verifiable via a registry, online portal, or by contacting the issuer. Certificates can be revoked if the stated facts are invalid or security is compromised.

Sertifikati play a critical role in transparency and trust across education, labor markets, public administration, and digital security. Challenges include counterfeiting, forgery, privacy concerns, and the need for reliable verification systems.