sequenceediting

Sequence editing is a field of biotechnology that refers to technologies capable of altering nucleotide sequences at specific positions in DNA or RNA. It encompasses permanent changes to the genome as well as reversible edits to transcribed RNA, enabling precise modification of genetic information for research, therapeutic development, and industrial applications.

DNA sequence editing relies on programmable nucleases that recognize particular DNA sequences and introduce breaks, prompting repair pathways that can yield insertions, deletions, or precise substitutions. Early approaches used zinc finger nucleases and TAL effectors; the CRISPR-Cas systems later popularized the field by providing simple, scalable targeting through RNA guides. Advances include base editors, which perform single-base conversions without double-strand breaks, and prime editing, which combines Cas9 nickase with reverse transcriptase to install targeted changes using a template. RNA sequence editing employs enzymes such as ADAR and APOBEC to alter nucleotides in transcripts, offering transient, heritable changes at the RNA level when guided by programmable systems.

Applications span basic research into gene function, development of therapies for inherited diseases, creation of agricultural traits, and various biotechnological uses. Delivery to cells and tissues remains a major technical challenge, with methods including viral vectors, lipid nanoparticles, and physical approaches; considerations include efficiency, specificity, off-target effects, and immune responses.

Ethical, legal, and regulatory considerations focus on germline editing, equity of access, safety, and governance. The field continues to evolve with improvements in accuracy, expanded targeting capabilities, and deeper understanding of long-term consequences, shaping both scientific practice and public policy.