savasodásokkal

Acidification refers to the process by which natural bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, and oceans, gradually become more acidic due to the influx of acidic substances. Primarily, the most common source of acidification is anthropogenic emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which transform in the atmosphere to form sulfate and nitrate aerosols. When these aerosols fall or dissolve into water bodies, they increase the hydrogen ion concentration, thereby lowering the pH. Other contributors include acid rain, industrial waste discharges, and agricultural runoff containing fertilizers.

The ecological impact of acidification is significant. Many aquatic organisms are sensitive to pH shifts; fish, amphibians, and planktonic species may suffer reduced reproduction, impaired growth, and increased mortality. Acidic waters also release toxic metals such as aluminum and lead, further stressing ecosystems. In terrestrial systems, soil acidification can leach essential base cations, hinder plant nutrient uptake, and alter microbial community composition. Human health can be affected indirectly through the depletion of key nutrients in food chains and directly by the consumption of water with elevated acidity or toxic metal concentrations.

Mitigation measures target the root causes. International agreements like the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution aim to reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions. Transitioning to low‑emission energy sources, improving industrial waste management, and adopting precision agriculture practices are practical steps. Monitoring programs that track pH levels in water bodies and soils help identify trends and evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation policies.