salaf

Salaf is an Arabic term meaning "predecessors" or "ancestors." In Islamic usage, it most often refers to the first generations of Muslims: the Sahaba (Companions of the Prophet), the Tabi’un (Followers of the Companions), and the Tabi’ al-Tabi’in (Followers of the Followers). The concept can also be used more broadly to denote the pious predecessors whose example is considered a model for correct belief and practice.

In traditional Sunni thought, the Salaf are regarded as reliable sources for understanding the Qur’an and the Sunnah. Early scholars urged Muslims to emulate the methods and practices of the Salaf, arguing that their interpretations were the most faithful to the original guidance. The phrase "as-salaf" is often contrasted with later innovations (bid'ah) and with speculative theology.

In modern usage, "Salafiyya" or "Salafi" describes a reformist or revivalist current that seeks to return to the example of the Salaf. This spectrum includes quietist scholars who emphasize scholarship and worship, as well as political and activist strands. The modern Salafi movement is diverse and not a single organization. Some adherents stress adherence to scriptural sources and traditional jurisprudence, while others have associated movements with militant extremism; many Sunni scholars reject violence and emphasize nonviolent engagement.

The term is likewise present in other Islamic contexts, but its strongest association is with Sunni reformist currents. As with many historical terms, its exact meaning can vary by place and era, and contemporary usage often reflects differing theological and political agendas.