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Reproduction is a fundamental biological process by which new individual organisms, or offspring, are produced from their "parent" or parents. Reproduction is a characteristic of all known life. There are two main types of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction that does not involve meiotic division or fertilization. The offspring arising from asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent. This type of reproduction is common in single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and archaea, as well as in some multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi. Examples of asexual reproduction include binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and vegetative propagation. In binary fission, a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Budding involves the outgrowth of a new organism from the parent body, which then detaches. Fragmentation is the process where a parent organism breaks into several fragments, each capable of developing into a new organism. Vegetative propagation in plants involves the development of new individuals from vegetative parts of the parent plant, such as stems, roots, or leaves.

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes, typically from two parents, to form a zygote. Gametes are specialized reproductive cells, such as sperm and eggs. The resulting offspring are genetically different from both parents due to the mixing of genetic material. This genetic variation is crucial for adaptation and evolution. Sexual reproduction is common in eukaryotes, including animals, plants, and fungi. The process usually involves meiosis, a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, and fertilization, the fusion of two haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote.