rightness

Rightness denotes the quality of being right: correct, proper, or morally appropriate. The term spans both claims about truth or accuracy (epistemic rightness) and judgments about what is morally appropriate or good (moral rightness).

Epistemic rightness concerns whether statements, beliefs, or theories accurately reflect reality or are justified by evidence and reasoning. It relies on standards of logic, observation, and methodology, yet remains contestable in cases of ambiguity, underdetermination, or insufficient data.

Moral rightness involves judgments about actions, motives, or policies as good, just, or obligatory. The major theories propose different bases: deontology emphasizes duties and rules; consequentialism judges rightness by outcomes; virtue ethics focuses on character and flourishing. Realist views insist there are objective standards, while anti-realist or relativist accounts contest universality.

Contextually, rightness appears in law, social norms, and everyday judgment. Cultural variation and debates about moral relativism raise questions about universality. Some argue for human rights as universal rightness; others emphasize contingent or culturally defined standards.

Since rightness depends on standards, justification, and perspective, discussions often distinguish epistemic rightness from normative rightness and acknowledge that disagreement can persist even with rigorous reasoning.