regimeovergangen

Regimeovergangen, or regime transitions, refer to processes by which a political system shifts from one form of governance to another. They involve changes to constitutions, electoral rules, and the distribution of political power, and may alter the balance between the state and civil society, the military, and the judiciary. Transitions can move a country toward more inclusive governance or toward renewed authoritarian control.

Types and mechanisms: Transitions can be peaceful or violent, and they may be negotiated (pacted) between elites and opposition or ruptural, driven by mass protests or coercive upheaval. They can move from authoritarianism to democracy, or between different autocratic regimes, with varying degrees of institutionalization and legitimacy. The study of regime transitions distinguishes short-term upheavals from longer-term democratization and consolidation.

Phases: Analysts commonly describe pre-transition conditions, the transition itself (characterized by reform measures, negotiations, or shocks), and post-transition consolidation where new institutions are built, constitutions revised, and norms legitimized. Durable regimes require checks and balances, rule of law, and protection of civil liberties.

Examples and significance: Notable transitions include Eastern Europe, 1989–1991; South Africa, 1990–1994; Chile’s return to civilian rule in 1990; and Tunisia’s 2011 transition after the Arab Spring. Regime transitions shape regional stability, affect economic policy, and influence patterns of human rights, justice, and accountability. Scholars track indicators of liberalization, contestation, and inclusion to assess progress and risks of backsliding.